To … the very fact that the ego, the “I,” apprehends its free activity, which inevitably brings it into an encounter with the “not-I,” the non-ego.
It is concerned with such issues as the nature of the ultimate reality, philosophy of religion, philosophy of mind, personal identity, freedom of will and immortality
… conceived the universe as a number of concentric cylinders, of which the outermost is the sun, the middle is the moon, and the innermost is the stars.
Independence is the true good, not riches or luxuries. It follows that they were exceedingly ascetic, regarding abstemiousness as the means to human liberation.
The philosophy changes the sphere of its interests – from the cosmogonic problems to the study of the man and the problems of his existence during …
In … own teaching, they tended to emphasize forms of persuasive expression, such as the art of rhetoric, which provided pupils with skills useful for achieving success in life, particularly public life.
…was directed not so much at the achievement of abstract truth about essence of life, but on search of the truth and wisdom, at the search of the answer to a question «How to live?»
… claimed that all things are composed of minute, invisible, particles of pure matter (atoma), which move about eternally in infinite empty space (kenon).
… in ancient and especially in medieval philosophy and theology, the divine reason that acts as the ordering principle of the universe.
A community of people living in a country or region, and having shared customs, laws, and organizations is …
Austrian neurologist and psychotherapist, founder of psychoanalysis and pioneer in the study of the influence that the unconscious element of the mind has on consciousness. Who is this?
… claimed that in order to avoid ultimate despair, the individual must make a similar “leap of faith” into a religious life, which is inherently paradoxical, mysterious, and full of risk.
According to …, the activity of the will can only be brought to an end through an attitude of resignation, in which the reason governs the will to the extent that striving ceases.
According to …, sparks or seeds of the Divine Being fell from this transcendent realm into the material universe, which is wholly evil, and were imprisoned in human bodies.
… contended that civilization, with its attendant ills, was an artificial, unnatural condition and that it should be held in contempt.
To the 16th century European, the most momentous revolution of the time was not the growth of royal power, the rise of prices or the discovery of new lands overseas, but the movement that destroyed the West's religious unity: …
… the study which explains the contradiction of the idea of God as Absolute and the existence of the world evil.
… added to the “being” of his predecessors the concept of “becoming,” or flux, which he took to be a basic reality underlying all things, even the most apparently stable.
A Chinese philosophy based on Dao, or fundamental principle underlying the universe, incorporating the principles of Yin and Yang and emphasizing humility and religious piety.
Hence, … advocated returning to a natural life, which they equated with a simple life, maintaining that complete happiness can be attained only through self-sufficiency.
What is a book of Ancient Indian school, which contains the expressions about philosophical understanding of the world?
German political philosopher and economist, resident in England from 1849. The founder of modern communism with Friedrich Engels, he collaborated with him in the writing of the Communist Manifesto, and enlarged it in Das Kapital.
… believed that without the religious virtues of faith, hope, and charity, which require divine grace to be attained, a person cannot develop the natural virtues of courage, justice, temperance, and wisdom.
… developed what he called a positive philosophy, in which he defined human existence as the mode of self-consciousness on the part of the Absolute.
… is “present everywhere” and seems to be understood as both a divine mind and at least a semiphysical force, acting through space and time. Through the faculty of reason, all human beings (but not any other animals) share in the divine reason.
is concerned with such issues as the nature of the ultimate reality, philosophy of religion, philosophy of mind, personal identity, freedom of will and immortality
… came to a pessimistic view about original sin, grace, and predestination: the ultimate fates of humans
… born in what is now Souk-Ahras, Algeria, in ad 354, brought a systematic method of philosophy to Christian theology.
… is supposed to be the study of so-called first principles, which underline all other inquiries. The example of such a principle is the law of non-contradiction: A = A, A not = B, Not both A and B. in other words, the elementary laws of logic as Aristotle knew them.
His view of human life was pessimistic, asserting that happiness is impossible in the world of the living, where even with good fortune, which is rare, awareness of approaching death would mar any tendency toward satisfaction.
Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, Heraclitus, Pythagoras, Parmenides, Zeno of Elea are the representatives of …
… philosophers explored idealism and ethical voluntarism, a philosophical tradition that places a strong emphasis on human will.
… argued that individuals are driven together not by feelings of sentimental love but by the irrational impulses of the will.
The ultimate ideal of the movement was to integrate into an ordered system both the natural wisdom of Greece and Rome and the religious wisdom of Christianity.
… states that the original principle of all things is water, from which everything proceeds and into which everything is again resolved.
As a person every human being has some positions in the social system. Each of these positions, foreseeing the rights and obligations, is called …
70. … is a revival of art and literature under the influence of classical styles in the 14th – 16th centuries.
True happiness, … taught, is the serenity resulting from the conquest of fear of the gods, of death, and of the afterlife.
Born in Athens, the son of Sophroniscus, a sculptor, and Phaenarete, a midwife, he received the regular elementary education in literature, music, and gymnastics.
Although … explicitly denied that any overmen had yet arisen, he mentions several individuals who could serve as models.
Italian writer, poet, humanist and philosopher, famous for the collection of stories known as the Decameron.
According to …, intellectual pleasures are preferred to sensual ones, which tend to disturb peace of mind.
Which philosophy is characterized by: “In this view of the universe, known as Mechanism, science took priority over spirituality, and the surrounding physical world that we experience and observe received as much, if not more, attention than the world to come”?
… claimed that new values could be created to replace the traditional ones, and his discussion of the possibility led to his concept of the overman or superman.
… described two spheres, or stages of existence, that the individual may choose: the aesthetic and the ethical.
… names applied to teachers who provided instruction in several higher branches of learning for a fee. Skeptics
According to …, an individual's duties consist of veneration of God and love and righteousness toward others.
Italian poet and philosopher, known for the Canzoniere, a sonnet sequence in praise of a woman called Laura.
… can be characterized as the naturalistic description and interpretation of the diverse peoples of the world.
This status foresees essential and relatively stable man characteristics (man, woman, childhood, youth, oldness, etc.).
A cate_gory of people who have been singled out as in_ferior or superior, often on the basis of physical characteristics such as skin color, hair texture, and eye shape is …
Which philosophy is characterized by: “The medieval view of the world as created and governed by God was supplanted by the mechanistic picture of the world as a vast machine, the parts of which move in accordance with strict physical laws, without purpose or will”?
Reawakened by knowledge, the divine element in humanity can return to its proper home in the transcendent spiritual realm.
… claimed good lies not in external objects, but in the state of the soul itself, in the wisdom and restraint by which a person is delivered from the passions and desires that perturb the ordinary life.
… philosophers turned to the subject of knowledge—known variously as the ego, the I, the mind, and human consciousness.
Polish astronomer and philosopher, who proposed that the sun is the center of the solar system, with the planets orbit the sun, rejecting the established view that the Earth was the center of the universe.
The main social function of the family, which related with the reproduction of population of the country, is …
…made many important investigations into the philosophy of religion, including an extremely influential study of the attributes of God, such as omnipotence, omniscience, eternity.
… a 16th century movement for the reform of the Roman Catholic Church, that ended in the establishment of the Protestant Churches
… popularized the ideas of various early philosophers; most of them concluded that truth and morality were essentially matters of opinion.
The study of the behavior and physiology of nonhuman primates, is a specialized area of interest within physical anthropology. it is …
… claimed that consciousness is this dynamic encounter between the “I” and the “not-I,” in which the self and the world are interactively defined and realized.
… thought that air becomes warmer and turns to fire when it is rarefied and that it becomes colder and turns solid when it is condensed.
The American school of …, founded by the philosophers Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, and John Dewey at the turn of this century, carried empiricism further by maintaining that knowledge is an instrument of action and that all beliefs should be judged by their usefulness as rules for predicting experiences.
Throughout the … period, philosophy was called the servant of theology, not only because the truth of philosophy was subordinated to that of theology, but also because the theologian used philosophy to understand and explain revelation.
During …, the religious teachings of the Gospels were combined by the Fathers of the Church with many of the philosophical concepts of the Greek and Roman schools.
… believed in the superiority of argument over writing and therefore spent the greater part of his mature life in the marketplace and public places of Athens, engaging in dialogue and argument with anyone who would listen or who would
For … the tragedy of life arises from the nature of the will, which constantly urges the individual toward the satisfaction of successive goals, none of which can provide permanent satisfaction for the infinite activity of the life force, or will.
Philosophical … anthropological studies often focus on one particularly important ritual or symbol within a society.
Individuals, … believed, create their own natures through their choices, which must be made in the absence of universal, objective standards.
… in ancient and especially in medieval philosophy and theology, the divine reason that acts as the ordering principle of the universe.
The system of speculative ideas about nature, which was worked out in different philosophical doctrines is …
Each of these three worlds (according to …) consists of two "natures", that’s why it has the double nature: one — visible (material), second — invisible (divine).
His avowed purpose was “to fulfill the philosopher's mission of searching into myself and other men.”
…' friends planned his escape from prison, but he preferred to comply with the law and die for his cause. His last day was spent with his friends and admirers, and in the evening he calmly fulfilled his sentence by drinking a cup of hemlock according to a customary procedure of execution.
Before …, explanations of the universe were mythological, and his concentration on the basic physical substance of the world marks the birth of scientific thought.
For …, the history was a matter of development not of Absolute Spirit but of material conditions governing human economic existence.
He stated the basic links are syllogisms: pairs of propositions that, taken together, give a new conclusion.
… maintained that all human behavior is motivated by the will to power. In its positive sense, the will to power is not simply power over others, but the power over oneself that is necessary for creativity.
The goal of the philosopher, … said, is to know the eternal Forms and to instruct others in that knowledge.
Overgeneralization about the appearance, behav_ior, or other characteristics of all members of a group is …
German philosopher. He rejected Christianity’s compassion for the weak, and formulated the idea of the Ubermensch (superman), who can rise above the restrictions of ordinary morality.
In … a concept (thesis) always gives rise to its opposite (antithesis), and the interaction between these two leads to the creation of a new concept (synthesis).
Philosophic and theological movement that attempted to use natural human reason, in particular, the philosophy and science of Aristotle, to understand the supernatural content of Christian revelation.
… introduced a new social emphasis, holding virtue to consist in a subordination of the individual to the laws of a universal, reasonable harmony.
Which philosophy is characterized by: “The aim of human life was no longer conceived as preparation for salvation in the next world, but rather as the satisfaction of people’s natural desires. Political institutions and ethical principles ceased to be regarded as reflections of divine command and came to be seen as practical devices created by humans.”?
A microsocial group of people who are related to one another by bonds of blood, marriage, or adoption and who live to_gether, form an economic unit, and bear and raise children is …
… anthropology is the discipline that seeks to unify the several empirical investigations of human nature in an effort to understand individuals as both creatures of their environment and creators of their own values.
Who divided people into three classes: rich (do not want to give), poor (have nothing to give) and middle class (“rescuers of the state”).
…a doctrine that affirms that all knowledge is based on experience, and denies the possibility of spontaneous ideas or a priori thought.
The goal of the philosopher, according to …, is to know the perfect forms and to instruct others in that knowledge.
… overman is a creator of values, a creator of a “master morality” that reflects the strength and independence of one who is liberated from all values.
Chief among … ideas was the theory of forms, which proposed that objects in the physical world merely resemble perfect forms in the ideal world, and that only these perfect forms can be the object of true knowledge.
According to …, the will inevitably leads a person to pain, suffering, and death and into an endless cycle of birth, death, and rebirth.
… argued that religious faith and philosophical understanding are complementary rather than opposed and that one must “believe in order to understand and understand in order to believe.”
… declared that all statements concerning reality are false and that, even if true, their truth can never be proved.
According to …, the masses conform to tradition, whereas his ideal overman is secure, independent, and highly individualistic.
The … civilization of the Nile Valley began at around 3200 BC, and ended at around 80 BC when Augustus conquered the Nile Valley.
Siddartha Gautama. Born an Indian prince, he renounced wealth and family and after achieving enlightenment while meditating, taught all who came to learn from him.
… believed that fire is the primordial source of matter and that the entire world is in a constant state of change.
… applied the term existential to his philosophy because he regarded philosophy as the expression of an intensely examined individual life.
… stated that the origin of the universe as the result of the separation of opposites from the primordial material.
… conceived of God as a being without attributes, better than virtue and knowledge, better than the beautiful and the good, a being so exalted above the world that an intermediate class of beings is required to establish a point of contact between him and the world.
… claimed to have proved that the long history of oppression would soon end when the masses rise up and usher in a revolution that will create a classless utopian society.
… was identified with the will of God, or with the Ideas (or Platonic Forms) that are in the mind of God.
… also provided a new account of the relationship between faith and reason that the truths of faith and the truths of reason cannot conflict but rather apply to different realms
The last and the highest stage of the development of the West religious philosophy of Middle Ages, which is characterized by connection of theological-dogmatic ideas and rational methodology is called ...
Philosophy concerned with abstract ideas such as the nature of existence, truth, and knowledge. Origin from Greek, referring to the Sequence of Aristotle’s work is …
Who said: «When spirit of the man is cheerful, ideas are quiet, heart is peaceful — everything will be light, happy, blessed. It is philosophy»?
… saw God as the cause of the great mechanism of the world, a view more in harmony with science than with traditional religion.
According to …, the masses conform to tradition, whereas his ideal overman is secure, independent, and highly individualistic.
… proposed a finite, spherical universe, with the earth at its center. The central region is made up of four elements: earth, air, fire, and water.
A collection of people distinguished, by others or by themselves, primarily on the basis of cultural or nationality characteristics is …
Christian scholar, who translated the Bible from Hebrew into Latin (the version known as the Vulgate).
… claimed that the heavens, therefore, must be made of a fifth, and different element, which he called Ether.
According to …, all these intermediate powers are known as the Logos, the divine image in which persons are created and through which they participate in the deity.
Sumer, which was Mesopotamia’s first civilization in what is now …, is recognized as the world’s earliest civilization.
… combined Aristotelian science and Augustinian theology into a comprehensive system of thought that later became the authoritative philosophy of the Roman Catholic Church.
… considered the soul a higher form of existence than the body and taught that knowledge consists in the contemplation of Platonic ideas as abstract notions apart from sensory experience and anything physical or material.
… cultivated the concept of number, which became for him the ultimate principle of all proportion, order, and harmony in the universe.
The Greek word … being translated as “word” in the English Bible: “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. . . . And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us . . .”
According to …, humans are immortal by reason of their heavenly nature, but just as degrees in this divine nature exist, degrees of immortality also exist. Mere living after death, common to all humanity, differs from the future existence of the perfect souls, for whom paradise is oneness with God.
To explain how solid objects are formed from air, … introduced the notions of condensation and rarefaction.
A negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of selected racial and ethnic groups is …
… believed that technical innovations bring about new ways of meeting human needs and make it increasingly possible for people to satisfy their deepest wants and to develop and perfect their individual capacities.
Who told that the world is an objective intellect and according to logic is very close to subjective man’s intellect?
At the heart of … dialectics is the idea of contradiction, with class struggle playing the central role in social and political life.
Some physical anthropologists specialize in … science, the study of scientific evidence for legal cases.
Which philosophy is characterized by: “knowledge is not innate, but comes only from experience and observation guided by reason”?
Some physical anthropologists specialize in …, the study of disease and health among large groups of people.
Basic levels and forms and historical types of outlookBasic levels and forms and historical types of outlook
